No adverse events resulted in individual discontinuation of the study. to-date, the mechanism of action of each therapeutic, the clinical trials finished or in-process that support the use of each therapeutic, and the adverse effects associated with each therapeutic. Currently, there is no treatment that has been proven to provide significant benefit in reducing morbidity and mortality. There are numerous clinical trials for numerous different therapeutic brokers currently underway. By looking back and measuring successful strategies from previous pandemics in addition to carrying out ongoing research, we provide ourselves with the greatest opportunity to find treatments that are beneficial. host diseaseImmune system modulation, anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenicSee Clinicaltrials.gov for ongoing trialsRNA based therapiesHave been utilized as anticancer and antiviral therapy. Have also been implemented in genetic diseasesInterfere with gene expression through RNA interferenceSee Clinicaltrials.gov for ongoing trials Open in a separate PGF window FDA: Federal Drug Administration. Table 4 Miscellaneous therapeutics inhibition of IL-6, much like Sarilumab[12]. It is known for its role in treating a variety of malignancies, including multicentric Castlemans disease, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, prostate malignancy, ovarian malignancy, and lung malignancy[12]. Mechanism of action: The primary mechanism of Siltuximab is usually binding to and/or neutralization of IL-6[12]. As discussed previously, IL-6 is usually a proinflammatory cytokine that has been shown to be elevated in patients suffering from severe COVID-19[8]. Pharmacokinetics: Siltuximab is usually primarily distributed within the intravascular space[13]. It is approved in the United States to be given at doses of 11 mg/kg over the course of a one hour infusion once every three weeks[13]. The constant state is usually reached by the sixth dose, accumulating at 1.7 times higher than the concentration achieved a single dose[13]. The volume of distribution in a 75 kg man is usually approximately 4.5 L, and the half-life is approximately 20.6 d[13]. It is cleared first order elimination at a rate of 0.23 L per day[13]. Profit and adverse effects: The security Cariprazine and efficacy of Siltuximab in the treatment of COVID-19 has not yet been established. Further clinical trials are needed to determine adverse effects of this medication. The most common adverse effects of Siltuximab therapy when utilized for the purposes of treating Castlemans disease and Multiple Myeloma include weight gain, hyperuricemia, respiratory infections, rash, and pruritus[12]. Dosage: In the only clinical trial currently reported from Italy, patients received the standard dose of Siltuximab, 1 1mg/kg IV infusion over the course of one hour[14]. In addition, a second dose was able to be given at the physicians discretion[14]. Randomized clinical trials: Currently, there is no published data regarding the usage of Siltuximab for the treatment of COVID-19. Currently, an unpublished study from Italy evaluated the use of Siltuximab in 21 patients admitted to the hospital with confirmed COVID-19[14]. All Cariprazine of the patients who were available for follow up experienced CRP levels normalized (median time to follow up = 8 d). Additionally, 7 patients experienced a reduced need for ventilation, 9 patients experienced clinical stabilization of their position, while 5 patients experienced worsening of their condition described as the need for intubation during the course of the study[14]. Leronlimab (PRO 140) Chemical composition: Leronlimab is usually a humanized immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody that acts as a CCR5 antagonist[15]. It is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of human immunodeficiency computer virus (HIV)[15]. Mechanism of action: Leronlimab is usually a CCR5 receptor antagonist. CCR5 is usually a fusion co-receptor used Cariprazine by the HIV-1 virion to enter into human cells[16]. It is thought that the CCR5 receptor plays a role Cariprazine in immune cell trafficking to sites of inflammation, and for this reason there is a potential benefit for the use of this drug in the treatment of COVID-19[17]. Pharmacokinetics: A clinical trial by Jacobson = 0.0006 for family members and hazard ratio 0.056, 95%CI = 0.005-0.662, = 0.0221 for health care workers][38]. They suggested Arbidol could reduce the contamination risk of the novel coronavirus in hospital and family settings[38]. Though the study experienced a number of limitations and warrants further research, most healthcare facilities in China have already adopted the usage of Arbidol as a standard protocol for post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 transmission among its healthcare workers. ASC09 Chemical composition: ASC09, which is also referred to as TMC-310911, is not currently FDA approved for the treatment of COVID-19[39]. It is comparable in structure to darunavir and is an investigational drug currently under study for use in.